Buddhism , Hinduism , and traditional Animism are also practiced among large populations. Historically, the region has been referred to as part of Greater India , as seen in Coedes' Indianized States of Southeast Asia , which refers to it as "Island Southeast Asia"; [10] and within Austronesia or Oceania , due to shared ethnolinguistic and historical origins of the latter groups Micronesian and Polynesian groups being from this region.
The maritime connectivity within the region has been linked to a it becoming a distinct cultural and economic area, when compared to the 'mainland' societies in the rest of Southeast Asia. The region was dominated by the thalassocratic cultures of the Austronesian peoples. The first true maritime trade network in the Indian Ocean was by the Austronesian peoples of Island Southeast Asia , [13] who built the first ocean-going ships.
Indonesians , in particular were trading in spices mainly cinnamon and cassia with East Africa using catamaran and outrigger boats and sailing with the help of the Westerlies in the Indian Ocean. This trade network expanded to reach as far as Africa and the Arabian Peninsula , resulting in the Austronesian colonization of Madagascar by the first half of the first millennium AD.
It continued up to historic times. The ancient Austronesian trade networks was later used by the first Chinese trading fleets of the Song Dynasty at around AD. Demand for Southeast Asian products and trade was partially driven by the increase in China's population in this era, whereby it doubled from 75 to million. Trade with China ceased after the collapse of the Song Dynasty due to invasions and famine. It was restored during the Ming Dynasty from the 14th to 16th centuries.
Chinese trade was strictly controlled by the Imperial Court, but the Hokkien diaspora facilitated informal trade and cultural exchange with Southeast Asia, settling among Southeast Asian polities during this time period. Copyright The image is from Wikipedia Commons. Wikipedia Page. Not to be confused with Malay Archipelago. East Timor. Papua New Guinea. See also: Demographics of Southeast Asia. See also: History of Southeast Asia. Main article: Maritime Silk Road. Encyclopedia of European and Asian regional geology.
ISBN Retrieved 30 November United Nations: 37— Retrieved Cambridge University Press. PDF ; Shaffer, Lynda Maritime Southeast Asia to How to show students perspectives from Southeast Asia on its complex interlocal and international connections remains one of the biggest challenges in teaching those new to the study of the region.
Beyond the early beginnings sketched above, what resources may one draw on to make maritime history tangible in recognizably Southeast Asian ways?
Below I touch on a few ways to teach how Southeast Asians expressed and put into practice relationships in the maritime world. Coming at it this way, from perspectives and events in Southeast Asia, gives students a more balanced, and in some ways more accurate, view than the implicit message they often get by starting a semester or a unit on Southeast Asia with the arrival of ideas or people from India, China, or Europe.
Early coastal polities had an amorphous structure, which we know about in part from portrayals in inscriptions on monuments and early literary-historical sources. Leaders held the title of datu. However, this title did not only apply to leaders at the top of competing polities, but also to those within hierarchically connected ones.
Geographic terms expressed how regional coastal centers were linked with subordinate polities in a hub-and-spoke spatial structure. In either case, maintaining connections with teluk rantau meant getting into a boat. In Sumatra, at the upstream hulu end, people created paths that linked the fertile valleys along the lengthy spine of its mountains, so that a given upstream area was not necessarily dependent on a particular downstream hilir port.
The upstream-downstream dynamics also linked up at the river mouths with the political and cultural geography of the littoral, or tidal zone, which included cities but was by no means restricted to them.
Rather, upstream-downstream riverine dynamics interfaced in Sumatra and elsewhere with highland networks at one end and at the downstream end with those of the maritime world. The case of Banten near the west end of Java, around the turn of the sixteenth century, offers rich insights on interlocal and international politics.
Banten developed as a prominent port partly due to the expansionist efforts of Demak, a Javanese kingdom based further east. Their success in this endeavor prevented other powers, indigenous and foreign—at least for a time—from reaping the benefits of this advantageous spot. Its treasures fired the imagination of Europeans of the time, for the likes of it—intended for Asian markets—had never before been seen in Europe.
A biographical piece about Muhammad Saleh, an ethnically Minangkabau man from Sumatra in the nineteenth century, illustrates not just the life of one person intimately involved with the sea, but also offers insights into how he grew and adapted to changes in politics and the economy under intensifying Dutch influence.
Over the course of the nineteenth century, Saleh went from working his way up to nakoda ship captain to becoming a land-based merchant and later an anemar —a contractor to the colonial Dutch—in what was then the very international town of Pariaman.
The move from nations to networks has been one major analytical shift. The approach works well either for analyzing change over time in a particular place or for looking at practices in networks of communication that cross space—frequently maritime space.
For those interested in networks, a practice-focused approach allows one to do more than just point out that disparate places were connected. It fosters examination of how objects, ideas, practices themselves, or even people crossed social boundaries and were remade in new contexts. At the same time, it enables one to trace the emergence of new inclusions and exclusions in other words, the creation of new social boundaries or to examine the reproduction of old ones through new means.
Each new place to which the Book traveled altered it, in O. The point here is less the fact of links between disparate locales than the process of remaking and how it inflects with questions of power and difference. Similarly, evidence shows that Sanskrit was not imposed seamlessly in seventh-century Sumatra, effacing preexisting forms of expression and politics. Rather, it seems to have stimulated the local.
In their journeys across social landscapes, expressive registers, literary formations, and ideologies articulated with different social realities in myriad ways. In other words, the mere fact of shared language cannot explain how social structures came into being or were changed.
Frake basically agrees. He looks closely at how systems of naming practices and social difference within the Sulu Archipelago map onto distinctions of rank. November 20, History. An edition of Maritime Southeast Asia to This edition was published in by M. Sharpe in Armonk, N. Written in English — pages. Subjects History , Southeast asia, history. Maritime Southeast Asia to , M.
Libraries near you: WorldCat. Places Southeast Asia. Edition Notes Includes bibliographical references p. Series Sources and studies in world history. S47 , DS S47
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